Tuning In

The North Point broadcasting bureau was about to bring the local radio station, FM100.3 on the radio dial, back on-air after a short period of maintenance and updating during the Fall of 2000. The faithful listeners of the county eagerly waited for the radio station to be
“on-air ”once more. The local paper informed the town that at noon that day the radio station would broadcast its regular programming once more,starting with a brief twenty-minute salute to the town’s local musicians. As it approached twelve,radios were switched on all over town.The police chief dialed into the radio station’s frequency, as he was waiting at a stop light,but the reception was distorted. "How disappointing,” he thought,“the updating was supposed to improve things -but I think this is clearly worse!” The Chief radioed

The Milky Way

Looking toward the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, members of the North Point Astronomy Club were excited about what they were observing. The new optical telescope and CCD detectors that they had donated to the observatory were all in place and on-line. They were thrilled that the detectors were picking up so much detail. One member looked at the images that they were seeing on the computer and showed the group clouds that she claimed indicated an abundance of hydrogen in the cooler regions of the galactic disk. She also added that the denser areas in the clouds were stellar nurseries where stars were beginning their lives. The members looked at their colleague skeptically. The group was not as eager to assume such things about the observations they were making. Why not?

While working at the North Point Photonics Company,Valerie had made an amazing discovery. “I can win the Nobel Prize in Physics!” she thought.Her diligent efforts had created a material that would locate 0.13 eV photons with a spatial resolution of unimaginable accuracy. The only problem was that the material had to be used at room temperature. “This could change astronomy as we know it,” she thought. “Even if just the ground-based telescopes buy my detector …fame and fortune! They ’re all mine!” Val ’s plan had a flaw, however. What was it? 

A news editor for the North Point Daily News was reviewing that week’s news flashes taken from the Associated Press wire service. The editor was looking for a story to run the following day for the early morning edition. All the big stories had been done, with every aspect and angle dissected. Then the realization --a story no one else had covered. Aha! The editor began summarizing events on his laptop, and paused. A man and woman who had disappeared in the Alps had been found overnight by a helicopter patrol. The patrol had been searching for their downed commuter plane since its last transmission almost twenty hours earlier. The couple had no means to signal the passing vehicle, or to produce a fire; both were suffering from frostbite and hypothermia. How, he wondered, were they ever found, and at night?

Best Laid Plans

“I have no idea what I am looking at!” cried Ensign Pat. She stared at a console of data from observations of the binary star system dead ahead “Captain Robbie says that we need to measure the red star ’s temperature,” barked Lieutenant

Phillip had had almost every bone and tooth in his body X-rayed at least twice. It was easy.All he had to do was hold still between the X-ray producing machine and the film.Imagine his confusion when he read in the North Point Times that NASA ’s orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory had obtained an image of a star only 1,000 years old.Does the Observatory use film like the doctor,he wondered?And how did they get the star to hold still long enough to have its image taken? Would the X-ray emission harm him on the ground? He knew that he’d already had quite a few X-rays this year and that the human body could only tolerate a certain amount before it was lethal. Phillip decided to learn more about the Chandra Observatory. How could it see such a young star? It did not seem possible.

Here Comes the Sun

“I got burnt,” John said. Thinking he was not talking about just his reddened face, Kara listened on. “I used this new sunscreen, guaranteed to block out UV radiation. I went out to make repairs on the North Point radio communications tower and here I am --charred as a crispy critter.” Kara looked at the sunscreen bottle, which read:for 100%protection up to 4 hours over the range 10¹⁴ -10¹⁶ Hz. Kara decided to enlighten John about the error of his ways.

Jo wanted to build a radio telescope on the deck of her modest townhouse in North Point ’s Eagle Village to “listen to the skies for alien signals of life.” She began researching information on dishes and the EM spectrum and other things that mattered in the construc- tion (like local building codes). After much research,she decided to do her listening at 2 MHz. Besides alien communication signals, what else might she detect with her telescope? Given that you need a telescope dish that is at least twice the size of the wavelength that you would like to detect, will Jo ’s dream ever come true?

Vitamin D

“What are you doing?” cried Lieutenant Michael. “I am attempting to absorb some more _______________waves so that my skin can create more Vitamin D,” said Captain Olivia. She continued, “Dr.Charles informed me that due to the lack of milk and milk products in my diet, I needed to get more of this vitamin into my system.” Lieutenant Michael questioned, “But these ____________waves are dangerous to your skin and can cause cancer,did you know that they carry an energy between _________and __________eV, which is at least___________times the energy of a radio wave?” Captain Olivia replied, “Yes Lieutenant, but if I only face the star we are orbiting 15 minutes a day,I will only expose myself for a total of 10 hours for the ___________days that we are in orbit, Dr.Charles says I will achieve the results I need.”

Paradise Lost?

“Where are we?” asked Ensign Austin. “Dude,you ’re awake! We are deep in the Alpha Omega Rainforest. We are on a search mission to find Dr.Charles ’uncle. While trying to get there,his helicopter crashed _____________hours ago. We know this because two Earth days have passed since a mayday from the pilot. We spent a day travelling here.” “How have I missed all of this?”, a groggy Austin asked, scratching his head. “You were asleep when AstroFleet beamed us here.” Austin began to wake up. “Beaming,cool!Beaming still astounds me,being transported through the Universe at a velocity of ___________km/sec,the velocity of light. So I slept for a whole day …over a distance of ________km? Remember when we could only travel by car?” “Dude, can you ever sleep! But our mission is at hand,we need to comb the mountainside for signs of life,” explained Lieutenant Alex. “What weapons do we have to protect ourselves and locate Charles ’uncle?” questioned Ensign Austin.“We have infrared goggles that can detect energy in the

Jenny ’s Big Adventure

Jenny wanted to learn more about the creation of new elements in the Universe. She had been fasci- nated ever since she learned that only hydrogen, helium, and lithium had been created in the Big Bang and that all of other elements had been created by stars. She was starstuff -cool! Now, she wanted more details. Jenny learned that radioactive alumi- num-26 was produced by nucleosynthesis in supernova explosions, and she wondered

lhow much was made by a single catastrophic explosion. After searching the library, she learned that the decay of 26 Al leads to the emission of a photon with an energy of 1.8 MeV. This led Jenny to consider several options:make observations from the Hubble Space Telescope, travel to Puerto Rico to obtain data at the Arecibo Radio Observatory, or dig into the data archives of the HEAO-3 gamma-ray detectors. Where should Jenny go to gather her data and what should she look for?
A Class Project After much debate Mrs.Swift’s tenth grade astronomy class at North Point High School decided that their class time at the local observatory would be used to observe planets around distant stars.The class met at its usual time the following Monday at the observatory. They had written a guide so that all the necessary data would be recorded properly for analysis later in the week. The observatory’s attendant listened as the class detailed what kind of observations they wanted to make. “Planets are best seen in the infrared,” they proudly announced to the attendant..So we’d like to make IR observations on your telescope. The astronomer took Mrs.Swift aside and asked her why she allowed the class to go ahead with their project. Mrs.Swift was confused about the question. “But this telescope can see IR radiation that is near the visible waveband,right?” she inquired. “Yes,” the attendant responded, “but that is not the point.” What was wrong with the classes’ observation plan?
Mark ’s Big Discovery Mark had tried the experiment in his condo kitchen in Eagle Village. He laid mini-marshmallows in rows on the bottom of his microwave and turned it on. After 15 seconds or so (depending on the power of the microwave), he could see a distinctive wave shape in the marshmallows. After turning on his ceiling fan to help with the terrible smell,and turning off his smoke alarm so as not to disturb the neighbors, he opened the oven door and used his ruler to examine the distance between “node points ”, places where the marshmallows had puffed up more than anywhere else. 6 cm.“This is way cool!” he thought. He wondered if this was really the wavelength of the microwave radiation,or if it was the interference pattern of the waves inside his oven.He made note of the following:his oven operated at a frequency of 2450 MHz, and the cavity measured 30 cm x 25 cm x 20 cm. What do you think?

	Bursts of High Energy The Swift satellite has reported a major gamma-ray burst,with a total radiant energy of over 1047 Joules, occurred at a location only 5 light-years (or _____________km) away from the AstroFleet outpost on planet Beta Omega. Knowing such an event would be catastrophic to life there,t he Emergency Recovery Crew was dispatched to look for possible survivors. Arriving at the planet,the scene was overwhelming. Plants, animals, people ….dying or dead. Everywhere.Everything. Even inside the protective confines of the outpost lab,the short wavelength waves (gamma rays are less than ___________m) had penetrated and killed. The energy of each photon (a 5 x 10 -14 m gamma ray has _________eV of energy) was just too much. “Why didn ’t they evacuate before this happened?”, cried Engineer First Class Rowell. “Such destruction! I guess there was just not enough time to react.” “Get a grip,Rowell,” interrupted Team Leader White, “we have work to do.” To Go Where No One has Gone Before “Careful!”, cried Captain Kelly, “we must not approach too close to the black hole. It ’s a big one --50 times the mass of the Sun or _______kg.” “We must stay at least __________km away!”, Lieutenant Colton added. “How do you know that? !”, Lieutenant Tyler screamed, slightly panicking. Tyler retrieved the equation for the event horizon radius of a black hole, R =2GM/c 2 , and plugged in the values for G and c, the gravitational constant and the speed of light. “Aha,” Tyler exclaimed, “I see that indeed for a 50 solar mass black hole,the event horizon is equal to ______times the radius of the Sun, which is _____km.” Captain Kelly acted methodically and turned on the shields. She said, “The shields will help to protect us from the radiation environment we are in.” “But I thought no light could escape from a black hole?” Tyler asked. In his calm,scientific manner, Colton explained. “The radiation comes from just outside the event horizon. The material being pulled into the event horizon heats up as it falls in.The temperatures reach over 5,000,000 Kelvin.Heat from this hot material radiates out into space before the material crosses the event horizon. This produces the peak of its radiation in the ______band of the EM spectrum. It would not be healthy to be here without the shields.” Tyler quickly brought up the equation for the relationship between photon temperature and peak emission wavelength, m * T = 2.898 x 10-3 (where the wavelength is in meters and Temperature is in Kelvin), and verified Colton ’s conclusions. Suddenly Engineer Tanaka appeared on deck and said,“My sensors have picked up enormous _____________radiation increases. I think we may have entered a jet. The shields can ’t hold. We must leave at once!” “Make it so,” ordered Captain Kelly.

Let ’s Play Cosmic Journeys!

“It ’s time to play Cosmic Journeys,” cried Alex Triphysics, host of North Point ’s favorite game show. “Remember the further down in a column you go, the harder the questions get -but the more points you earn for the correct response!”

Here are your categories on today ’s game of Cosmic Journeys :

•“Catch a Wave …length ”, where every response names the region of the EM spectrum corresponding to that wavelength,
•“Everyday Objects in the Universe ”,.
• “Hot-Hot-Hot Spots ”,
•“Cold as Deep Space ”, and, finally,
•“Scientists of the Universe ”, where every response is the name of a famous scientist or scientists who contributed to our understanding of the EM spectrum and the Universe.

The Answers

Tuning In -A radio wave at a frequency of 100. 3MHz corresponds to a wavelength of 2.99 meters. Usually, you get interference when your antenna is sitting at the trough of the radio wave you are trying to detect.So, to increase your signal,you just need to pull forward about 1/2 a wavelength, or about 1.5 meters in this case.

The Milky Way -You can ’t see neutral H with an optical telescope (it only emits 21 cm radiation, which is microwave). Nor star-forming regions, which primarily emit IR.

To Nobel or Not to Nobel -A detector at room temperature (~30 °C) would radiate with a peak flux at 9.56x10^-6 m, which corresponds to a frequency of 3.14x10 ¹³ Hz, which is equivalent to an energy of 0.13 eV. Your own detector would interfere with any signal you’d hope to get. In addition, this energy infrared photon does not easily get through the Earth’s atmosphere ,causing an additional problem.

News Flash -An infrared camera could be used to see the heat from the living (although cold!) bodies.

Best Laid Plans -If the frequency of the maximum emissions is 4.6 x 10 ¹⁴ Hz, then using ë =c/f, we get a value of the peak emission wavelength of 6.52x10 ^-7 meters. Plugging this value into Wien’s Displacement Law, gives you a temperature of 4444.8 Kelvin.

Stellar Dentistry?-X-rays from stars in space are like the X-rays from the machine in the doctor ’s office. The X-ray films that the doctors use are like the X-ray detectors on Chandra. The Chandra detectors take very quick snapshots and can see stars that are forming in our galaxy. These X-rays don’t penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere, which is why Chandra observations must be made from space. But let it be very clear -the objects in the Universe generate and emit the X-rays, not the Chandra Observatory !

Here Comes the Sun -UV goes up to 10¹⁷ Hz, so there is still considerable radiation to produce a sunburn.

Jo ’s Big Dream -The wavelength corresponding to a 2 MHz radio wave is 3x10 ⁸ m /2x10 ⁶ Hz =150 m. It would be hard to get a dish twice this size on the deck of a modest townhouse.

Vitamin D -Ultraviolet, Ultraviolet, 10 and 1000 eV, 10 ⁷ ,40 days

Paradise Lost?- 48 hrs, 3 x 10 ⁵ km/sec, 2.592x10 ¹⁰ km, 1 to 10 ^-3 eV, microwave, 1 to 10 ^-3 m

Jenny ’s Big Adventure -Jenny must look at the HEAO-3 gamma-ray archive data. 26 Al decays by positron emission with a mean life of ~1 Myr into 26 Mg, which is stable. This decay is an important source of Galactic gamma ray line emission at 1.809 MeV. This decay and its observability were predicted by Ramaty and Lingenfelter in 1977, and it was discovered by Mahoney et al.in 1984.

A Class Project -Our current technology allows us to discern the existence of planets around distant stars by observing the star, not the planet itself. Stars are best seen in optical, and you need the best observation you can get to look for evidence of planets. Gravitational pulls and pushes introduce a wobble in the light curve. It is not possible to detect planets directly using ground-based telescopes through their infrared emission as they are too small and faint...especially compared to the nearby star which emits lots of IR compared to a planet!

Mark ’s Big Discovery -Mark’s microwave oven operates at 2450 MHz, which has a wavelength of 12 cm. Since the nodes were every 6 cm, they were due to interference.

Bursts of High Energy - 4.7x10 ¹³ km, 10 ^-12 m, 2.5 x10 ⁷ eV or 25 MeV

To Go Where No One has Gone Before - 9.95x10 ³¹ kg, 147 km, 2.1x10 ^-4 , 7 x 10 ⁵ km, X-ray,gamma-ray

Let ’s Play Cosmic Journeys! -

Credits: The material is part of the Education Public Outreach program of NASA ’s Swift mission .The material was developed by:

Dr. Laura Whitlock, Sonoma State University & NASA’s Swift Mission
Kara C. Granger, Teacher, Maria Carrillo HS, Santa Rosa, CA
Michelle Curtis, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA.

Special thank-yous go to the following for their useful additions, suggestions, and comments:

Dr. Margaret Chester, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
Dr. Lynn R. Cominsky, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA
Bruce H. Hemp, Teacher, Ft. Defiance HS, Ft. Defiance, VA
Dr. Phil Plait, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA.

The wheel and booklet art were created by Aurore Simonnet of Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA.